SUMMARY
The 8o with 6o BC a new civilization appears in the Aegean. It is a creation ex zero, a and his ideas are radically different from the ideas of neighbouring cultures.
- Pops up the philosophical λόγος who criticises the tradition and introduces a new way of interpreting the world.
- The do people give is not given and entrusted to humans to seek through equal but opposing arguments..
- The first rupture of myth του ανθρώπου.
- The Greek religion, as they are neither dogmatic nor despotic, does not legitimise the sanctity of sovereigns.
- The introduction of a new way writing contributes to the popularization of knowledge.
- The colonization contributes to the creation of autonomous, aytodikaiwn and independent cities .
- The martial art changes with the victory on the battlefield of phalanx of equal warriors.
- A new perception There is for life and the death.
- Shows the τραγωδία.
- The science of history. And finally the
- and the main, the society for the first time aytothesmizetai. The community of citizens alone is responsible for the creation of institutions but also for changing the. Anything can happen, the only limit is the hubris.
The Ancients worshiped the confrontation of arguments and admired the balance created between opposites replies. When Protagoras for every issue there are two counter opinions with the requirement, μάλιστα, to be both at the same time just as real. The race argument is known to the tragedy with the term dissoi reasons. It is a highly characteristic of Greek culture.
Here lie both the foundations of proof and the beginnings of oratory. Is the soul of democracy.
Only in the ancient Greek civilization developed techniques evidence in mathematics. He was an integral part of all their kosmoantilipsis.
Proof and Republic is omooysies.
At the same time with the δημοκρατία is born and the φιλοσοφία. A twin birth. And this happens in a generalized questioning of tradition achieved through the rectum speech.
The same instituting laws but also the discussion on the validity of laws is work philosophy, operating philosophy. So put the questions: and What should I do But what is the criteria of operations our. The citizen learns that you should not believe in anything that does not put himself under examination. This, yet, is thesmismeno by the kind of society ,Don't be spontaneous, does not stem from the human soul. Rather the opposite happens. People rely on to believe in and adhere to the usual.
The rupture with the delivery occurs in all fields, in we philosophical with the search of first principles.
The Milisioi are looking for a minimal operative element that can be structured around the universe. Is the source the existence of beings and at the same time the annihilation τους. According to the most deep and primal conception of the world there is no δίκη(no crisis) for humans, no reward, no relationship between acts of, the virtues anddestiny of. Man is subject to the same fixings subject and all other beings. And senior and last definition, senior law is the death.
The answer we give to the beginning of the world, is completely unbiased. Does not help in the community, nor do most ethical nor more peaceful. There is a beginning, Foreign nouns for us, This is all. It is the first rupture of the myth of man i.e., that the world was made for us .
But what is the injustice or the hubris of beings; Is nothing else than the Genesis, and with what you have to pay is the decay and death. The same existence is in a sense injustice and hubris, ie. infringement
Greeks believed that the Supreme Law of Genesis and decay is blind, do not obey any reasonable and no assignment. And through the genesis and decay can emerge the world, the class. A world, yet, a transient class and revolving.
The world is only in part a creation of deity. Only the part relating to the form and order of the world. And it is this that is subject to cause and in logic. What µ as there is always something that is rebellious and anorthologiko, the primary substrate. And the existence of this, just, material is the cause that their God is neither Almighty but neither most wise.
The answer to the problem of non- rationality of World, came from two different lines of thought
The 1the (Heraclitus, Protagoras etc) : with the assumption that the reality is not logically consistent ie. She contradictions.
The 2the (Parmenides, Eleates ) : with that the world is not polymorphic and no change .
Any answer and if we take, the very place query is an act of conception, Genesis, creating. This is in fact the birth of philosophy. Any culture before the Greeks not managed this way the question of the nature of World. Nothing similar would not meet our neighbours. You'd think philosophy born EC zero ,just like the world of Anaximander.
The Greeks discovered the fact that there's a Corker death, definitive. We cannot transform him nor the beautify. A new perception prevails for life and the death away from the Sham of a positive expectant life. No bliss and to anyone following the death. They are the only ones they call the man broto, ie. mortal.
The Greek society goes between the dipole of the competition and of the solidarity των πολιτών. And because there is no transcendental source of truth, After the gods do not reveal the truth, being questioned and their very existence. So is conferred, people with the task of investigating the. Opens a field emulation that is mainly at the level of emulation speech. Who will speak best, who will convince us; The most powerful argument is "kreitwn reason».
The society has need of institutions and laws. Is, yet, necessity and by a meaning, from a project, a response: why all this;
To the extent that the meaning This occurs and it must be as unequivocal and unconditional thesmizetai society as eteronomi. Sets a exwkoinwniko, a distant guarantor of meaning and considers him as source institutions. That was until now in the majority of societies. Are societies eteronomes, θρησκευτικές societies. The emergence of societies that aytothesmizontai It is something extremely rare.
Put under constant question the dominance of klironomimenwn institutions (gods, Kings, performances of race, institutions, laws, writing etc)
Opens a debate between a new type man posed as a measure to judge everything by thinking of. The instituting of the law is the product of consultation and decision of municipality. And all know that their decisions are opinions (glory) and not the absolute truth. Inaugurated a movement to seek the truth that has neither end nor block and explicitly recognized that it is not possible for the correctness of the laws referred to outdoor beginning. The non-existence of, yet, exwkoinwnikwn of restrictions raises the problem of the correctness of the laws. Thus enters the issue of restraint. The philosophy responds with the conception of the idea of hubris. The policy, with the institution of writing illegal and ostracism.
These characteristics, like all, It is something unique , a stain on the canvas of history of humanity. Is the Hellenic Republic.
INTRODUCTION
In today's lesson will look at conditions that contributed to the emergence of the δημοκρατία in ancient Greece, at philosophical background where on the political philosophy but the role played by mythology and the ancient religion. Also, What were the beliefs of the ancient Greeks to life and the death and that influenced the creation of this very rare social phenomenon, της Δημοκρατίας. (The present work address on 2 and 9 March 2011 in Maximeio cultural center within the framework of Classical Education courses)
MYTHS
I don't know if it happens to you but sometimes catch me insomnia. Test different ways to sleep. Usually count the Whitecaps that pop up in front of me, starting from the first , After the second, and so moving to infinity . Someday , I confessed to my problem my friend math and omoiopathi, I suggested something different, but it turned out the trap. Told me: Why don't you try to count backwards; Do not start from the 1 but you end up in 1. Not gave much importance, but unfortunately for me, the night I tried to apply I found that I couldn't even begin. Where to start; There is always a number that was ahead of where I'd start. The result ... I stayed awake all night. The count was impossible. And while the human mind can start from the 1 and gradually proceeds to infinity, the opposite is impossible . Such a number without authority is a contradiction, an Paradox. And is next involved m ones to lose their sleep and peace. Those indeed deepen further will find themselves with Vertigo at best.
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| Αναξίμανδρος |
And, yet, the philosophy can be started with the adoption of these paradoxes. It first paradox of recorded history belongs to the Anaximandro . We learn that Anaximander hypothesized that people have a common origin and come from an aquatic creature. And it has other simpler ancestors, and they ,again with the turn, lifeless precursors. And these others, and so on following, op ever. Does it remind you of anything that; no surprise the insight Anaximander ; It is from that I know the first, formulation of evolutionary theory. A very important event 2500 years before our era. Yet, It doesn't stop there the ancient wise but goes to something that is even more difficult ,almost incomprehensible. Watch out a bit. If there is an infinite past then I spent an infinite amount of time until you arrive at today. But an infinite amount of time can not never ends, It is a never-ending process. So we cannot have reached today. Yet We live in today .So we arrive at inappropriate. In Paradox.
Let's take the opposite reasoning :As long as the present moment there is, τότε, It makes sense, and the past is not infinite duration, therefore has some authority, cannot come from the nowhere. This is the most logical thinking that is the average man. But what is there before the beginning; One cannot be relieved from this question and necessarily will again reach a stalemate. Is the same difficult to understand a beginning without beginning. Consider, yet, a imbalance: While you can imagine easily, an infinite future, the thought of reacting to an infinite past. You mixed up;
The paradox that tried to solve, much later, with the introduction of negative numbers. As we climb out of the 1 for larger numbers to infinity, so we can descend to -1,-2,-3 up to minus infinity.
Keep in mind, yet, that people of that era have not discovered negative numbers. In ancient Greek thought there were no negative numbers, as we said in an earlier speech, on how he saw the ancient numbers. The was unthinkable a number with negative numbers. And that's because he saw the numbers like geometric relationship, and the existence of negative numbers don't make sense in geometry.
Don't forget that count means compare. Δηλαδή, How many times a size is bigger than another. And this denoted with a fraction of the numbers that call and reason. What meaning , έχει, λοιπόν, the relationship of two sizes if the relationship is negative; No έχει geometric meaning. No There are nor negative lengths nor negative relationships.
However, things, in which unfortunately is involving you ακόμη darkest. Even if we accept the infinite sequence of negative numbers, remains a deeper mystery. Where these numbers came out; From where; Looks like xepetachthikan from the nothing. Like anything to generate forms. The conclusion is against common sense. This though is Paradox.
We have many kinds paradoxes. In a kind of paradoxes becomes description of an object or a situation with contradictory manner and thus gives the impression of unresolved.
Also in paradoxes belong and the mysterious riddles that are amenable to many solutions but only one accepted. A classic example is the riddle of the Sphinx, that while Oedipus was able to solved it, what irony, his own Riddle of origin could not solve it.
Other paradoxes are questions that leave us metewroys among many worthy but antithetical answers and this way come into conflict with common sense, which accept only a solution. The Greeks, as no other people, goiteyotan of such contrasts.
And while common sense seems to be constant and unwavering, in fact it is like the Earth's surface that consists of tectonic plates. They move and collide, creating, sometimes, huge cracks from where spring up the indomitable forces of Earth like katachthonies deities. So paradoxes swarmed through daily suggestions of plea, What we call common sense, and bring us many times in embarrassment even in Vertigo.
The ancients worshiped the confrontation of arguments. Admired the balance created between opposites replies. The Protagoras had expressed the view that for every problem there are two counter, between them, opinions with the requirement to be both at the same time just as real. The race found arguments and tragedy among the two actors, the term dissoi reasons. It is a feature of Greek culture.
The Greeks were overpowering attraction for the paradoxes in the form of riddles. So indeed, that great dramatists made art some of the paradoxes, as one of the Sphinx. Be, μάλιστα, Axion attention the fact that some educated and celebrities could not understand this game of logic because they were brought up in another culture and so ended up in wrong conclusions.
Case in point is the reference of the Apostle Paul the paradox of pseydomenoy. In Titus Letter carries a verse from a poem by Epimenidi, whom interprets it literally, While this was the well known paradox of pseydomenoy.
Epimenides [1]
Krites international pseustai (the Cretans are always liars).
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| Epimenides |
For the Greek culture, saying it was well known, as the paradox of the pseydomenoy Eyboylidiof Eristikoy from Megara, a game of logic. This is a proposal self-relative, like the philosophers of logic, with which they were involved too many. A proposal that is both true and false contrary to common sense. On this proposal was based on the great Bertrand Russell to formulate a rebuttal by then the theory of sets. Worldwide we became known by the Kurt Gödel, the bigger maybe mathematical 20 αιώνα.
To approach it a little:
The Epimenidis says that :all Cretans are liars
The Epimenidis, yet, is Kritikos
Hence the Epimenides is lying
Therefore Cretans are not liars, Len the truth
Hence the Epimenidis, as kritikos, telling the truth
Thus the Cretans are liars etc..
Is a vicious circle where a proposal is true and a false without being able to reach.
In this race of antithetic arguments, They both worshipped the Greek, rooted and the origins of oratory. Democracy needs the confrontation this. Dealing, yet, with the paradoxes has another score. Cultivates the mind to accept from a contradictory and from the other to seek with arguments to reach the solution.!!!! To, Here are the basis of proof.!!!
Historians of mathematics are surprised by the lack of evidence argument in Egyptian mathematics. But this is the rule for all the peoples of that time : for Babylwnioys, the Maya, Indians. Only in the ancient Greek civilization developed technical evidence. He was an integral part of all of their kosmoantilipsis.
The Papyrus of Rhind found in Egypt, contains a wealth of mathematical problems and is the oldest written text that contains math. Shows us that the Egyptians estimated the number p, at 3,16, a great approach. We are counting on 3,14. Also, contains many other mathematical formulas. Makes us, ωστόσο, clear, that the Egyptians were based on the method trial and error and missing totally each proof. Furthermore think : what you need in one handy man, in a craftsman a proof; Anything at all!!! Is a perversion of the soul.
The proof, yet, is the necessary ingredient that transforms a coherent and necessary element of democracy. Without this there is no persuasion and therefore no decision and action. Proof and Republic is omooysies.
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| Ζήνων ο Ελεάτης |
Some philosophers have urged us to follow the arguments until the end, even in death, as in the case of Socrates. What is done, yet, When our arguments lead to opposite conclusions ; the Heraclitus, like others, urges us to accept the contradiction as a component of reality, in other words , tells us that the contradiction exists in the reality. Others, yet, trace the contradiction in how we understand the world. I.e. the fact that we rely on sensations us to understand the world and not in our logic. The Parmenidesand the disciple of the Zenon the Eleatis, to overcome the contradictions of the world reject the idea of a diverse and changing world. For these, all that we see is a illusion and therefore do not withstand the torment of logic. With this rationale formulated and 4 paradoxes of Zeno.
The paradoxes of Zeno intended to defend the Parmenidioy doctrine that reality (the actually being) είναι invariant. The first paradox (of dichotomias) demonstrates that traffic is impossible· in the second (of Achilles and of the Turtle), It turns out that Achilles is impossible to reach a leading turtle. Maybe not much attention you gave but I said: demonstrates. The third paradox, (paradox of Arrow), a moving arrow is actually property. Τέλος, the fourth paradox, (the paradox of Stadium), Zeno shows that space and time are not made by little, indivisible elements.
In this point, let's see a video with the Achilles and the Turtle http://users.sch.gr/fergadioti1/institute/index.php/al/158-2010-03-14-20-50-33/1551-zinonpr
The paradox can be described as follows:Achilles is 9 m. from the turtle but runs 10 times faster than this. When Achilles reaches this will move during 1/10 again will lead. The next move will again reach but will move again in 1/10 and we will lead again. And this will be continued, op ever. The turtle will always lead of Achilles. But in fact this, as you know far better than me, not done. We have a full rupture of reality and logic. It comes in a contradiction, in a Paradox. Who is right;
The whole problem, equipping, dates in discoverable sum of CHD. The ancients could not perform this operation. It was possible the 17the century when our perception of the changed numbers. But that's another story.
In conclusion we can say that the genesis of the philosophy , in ancient Greece, commensurate with the effort to resolve the paradoxes.
And as the people are the gems of nature, the numbers of mathematics, the paradoxes are the blocks you on them built the philosophy. And each generation of philosophers puts pretty much the same questions but gives different answers. Ariadne's thread that connects the philosophy, over the centuries, It consists of questions than answers.
!To come back on Anaximandro! Wonders : It has every thing beginning; And answers : not. There is a unspecified είναι, and temporally and spatially, that calls Infinity, that supports all other, but the same has no foundation in any other thing. The past has no authority. And if they apply for the past what is valid for the future; Anaximander accepts the existence of a asynoroy infinite past as a future infinity. The finite world is time between two infinitely.
| Okosmos of Anaximander |
| Here's a good idea to mention some biographical information. The Αναξίμανδρος lived by the 610-545 eg. and was a student and successor of Thales in the Faculty of Miletus. Invented the first solar calendar, He drew the first map of the hitherto known Earth and dealt with organic, Astronomical and cosmological issues. Anaximander returns an image of the Earth, According to which the Earth is cylindrical and people residing on the top surface. Not based nowhere and is located in the center of the universe, being equal from all points of. Does not move because there is no direction to be stronger than the other and therefore neither falls nor rises, Neither go right nor left. |
From where, yet, inspired Anaximander worldview;
There's something before him, or was a flare of his mind;
Preceded, βέβαια, Thales but before him was the Greek mythology which solidified in the Epics of Homer and Hesiod.
MYTHOLOGIA
In accordance, λοιπόν, Greek mythology of geometric era, before anything else there was the chaos (Let chaos informs us of Hesiod, Theogony 116).
Chaos means empty, empty and is derived from the verb chainw = chaskw, Hence gap.
From chaos, λοιπόν, came all. The is (being , as I prefer to call it the ancients) emerging from the non-is. But the roots of the Earth sprout from the Tartarus, a place that is far away ,beyond the Earth. There are the extreme points of everything, of Land, of Sea, of starry Sky. Are parts Savageand Moldy, where despise even the gods, a huge Abyss that the bottom can not be reached anyone. There erupt constantly storms, tornadoes that frighten even the gods, "there stands the scary House of Night katachthonias that wrap gloomy clouds» informs us the Hesiod .
In today's language : the world is emerging from chaos, it κενό, ex nihilo, από το μηδέν. We are dealing with the creation ex nihilo but and the creation of its own zero. And inside the Warren, a lumpy and awesome blend, grow the roots of the world, and this fed everything and emerge all future forms. This is the Central idea on grounds Greek philosophy.
This, just, the Warren, the term Infinity, considers as beginning of all the Αναξίμανδρος. The primary element of the world. The word infinity means one that has no end, limit, τέλος, is not integrated. Course from Aristotle onwards, Infinity means the endless, but for anaximandrus and his time meant the unspecified. Infinity is undefined, the unknowable, that which has no limits or end. And while the Greeks have not felt comfortable with the infinite, were those who essentially made. They associated the real with the specific and mainly with the shapely, While the infinity is undetermined and asynoro. How is it possible something that is real, be born from something that is incompletely specified;
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| Plato |
The importance of infinity as unspecified, chaotic would call today, persisted in Plato and in Αριστοτέλη. Plato is aware that there may be exempted from this idea. In Filibo (16 c) reports a tradition according to which what can be considered as real is made of the an and multicast and bring the end andInfinity (uses the term congenital).
...as on one hand and the many beings of AEI's so-called, end de apeirian en in symfyton and ware.
… that every time there are said to be made up of one and by many and that the conclusion and infinity inherent in them as inherent properties.
Congenital It means that grows and develops together, είναι and sceneείναι interrelated. Nothing exists unless it contains constantly and simultaneously theend and Infinity, it certain and indefinite, the specified and unspecified.
But also in Timeos, pretty much, This tells us. When he presents his Cosmology is like to answer the question : What we can say about it is and the world;
Plato realizes how the creation of the world. First there is a material which works the Creator . His work is proportional to a craftsman, Building the world, gives form using pre-existing materials. As a template, as draft, uses what he calls "eternally live», and so the world tries to be faithful copy. After you finish is pleased that sees this world and compares with animal.
The World, yet, has been made by a substrate that does not fully enforce subordinate class ofAuthor. So the imposition of order in the world happens "as far as possible». There is something more durable and of the power of the creator, and this is none other than the disarray of substrate. Our world, λοιπόν, It is partly a creation of divinity, only one part and even that of the form and order of the world and it is this that is subject to cause and in logic. What µ as there is always something that is rebelliousand anorthologiko, the primary substrate. And the existence of this material that is not subject to class, located outside of the logical, is the reason that Plato's God is neither Almighty Neither most wise.
Plato has direct experience for this rebellious, the anorthologiko. And, μάλιστα, from that domain that should not. From the highly rational world which is none other than the μαθηματικά. This scandal is none other than the existence of implied numbers.
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| Πυθαγόρας |
A few decades ago, the waters of philosophy has stirred up a scandal where, μάλιστα, claimed the life of a philosopher. Is the case of Ippasoy of Metapontioy. After this he never could Pythagorean thinking back to the certainty and reassurance of feeling. The days of her youth passed irrevocably.
We all know the importance of giving the school of Pythagoras in numbers. Considered the beginning of all the numbers and that the entire universe is made of numeric proportions, from music, the leaves up the planets.
Yet,..... If you design an isosceles rectangle triangle with perpendicular sides 1 m and 1 m then the hypotenuse will be asymmetric with vertical sides. Asymmetric means that cannot be represented with a fraction because the length of the hypotenuse of this triangle is equilateral rectangle it 
.
There is no fraction i.e.. no reason numbers, as the ancient, who can give us the . And try you'll never ever with measure the one hand tomeasure exactly the other. Or something will be missing or something I perisseyej. This implies that there is a reality that has not numeric structure Since there is no proportion numbers that can deliver the . For the Pythagoreans something is outrageous, profane, interfere with the harmony of the world and of course with the will of God. Is a contradiction, because their whole worldview based just on that the world is made of number relationships, by analogies. The discovery of this contradiction brought up down to the Pythagoreans, and naturally had to act. And what could be more human, to decide to don't notify This knowledge to non- insiders. For millennia, Unfortunately so does mankind.Koykoylwnoyme as like the truths that do not suit us. These figures took the name irrational (non-rational, non-so-called) γιατί, just, you do not need to be disclosed to the general public.
And now enters the scene Hippasus. Make known to the uninitiated this finding. After this, is expelled from the Pythagorean school and then drowning. Both versions come from antiquity: the one, that was punished by the gods for the indiscretion of (rumors of the Pythagoreans) the other murdered (rumors of rival schools).
For us the existence of implied numbers don't seem harmful to mathematical image of reality because I just accept their existence. For the Pythagoreans, yet, the whole edifice of metaphysics the collapse. Meant that the reality is not subject to the laws of logic a and poses even a contradiction.
The same problem encountered and Plato.
Plato live era that there have been several mathematical discoveries and a very important is the integration of regular polyhedrons. If there is an infinite number of regular polygons in the plane, e.g. squares, pentagons, hexagons, dekaexagwna etc . There are only 5 normally Polyhedra in space.
The Plato trying to relate the physics with Mathematics by match 5 normally Polyhedra with those he considers as priority items in the world.
And what are those regular Polyhedra;
με 4 seats, it tetrahedron that corresponds to fire,
με 6, the cube that corresponds to Earth,
με 8, it octahedron that corresponds to the air,
με 20, it icosahedron that corresponds to the water ,
and end with 12 , at dodecahedron that corresponds to the entire universe.
After attempts to construct regular Polyhedra in elementary level format, it triangle. And then driven to a dead end, in contradiction. The ratios of the sides of polyhedrons with those of the triangle is not rational numbers.Mutiny We would say, the independent parts of the additive on rational deity. And to imagine that not going and underlay material but for a rational, purely imaginary, mathematical substrate. The author is not able ne rationalise from Akron to end the world that manufactures.
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| Aristotle |
And for the Αριστοτέλη the material has the infinity instruments, the unspecified. There is a threshold beyond this there is no form nor specify. Ο Αριστοτέληςin Nicomachean Ethics It teaches us that the first and the end conditions are not susceptible to proof. Evidence only to intermediate. And this is very important.
This perception is at odds with the modern onto-theology arising from the status of God as perfectly rational creator of everything. Any disobedience of created matter is unimaginable. So only can be interpreted the idea ofmathimatikopoiisis of nature that prevailed in later years. Mathematics is the language of nature maintains the Galileo was. Debt wise is none other than the construction of a well organised hierarchically philosophical system that interprets the world. On the same wavelength were advocates and scientists. In the modern era prevailed for several centuries the illusion of manufacturing capability of a theory of everything where through mathematical relations will understand the universe. Give me the initial conditions and will figure out the evolution, He claimed the Pascal.
The concept of System It is unknown in Greek . One philosopher, until the Stoics of 3ου century , not co-authored philosophical system. Believing that we can express the whole world in a rational way is illusion a belief in the existence of rational reality. The effort proved impossible through the same math, with the work of Gödel, the Decade of the 20 , but that's another story.
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| Heraclitus – Parmenides |
The answer to the problem of non-rationality of the world, and referring to the ancient era, came from two different lines of thought. One was of Heraclitus and the other of Parmenides. The Heraclitus disowned the axiom that : the fact is logically consistent ie. that is not inside of contradictions. The Parmenides, refused the diversity of the world . In this there is a being unchanged aidio. What,What we see around us is a fallacy (Everything is a).
PHILOSOPHY – DEMOCRACY
Any answer and if we take the very place query is an act of conception, Genesis, creating.This is in fact the birth of philosophy. Any culture before the Greeks not managed this way the question of the nature ofWorld. Nothing similar would not meet our neighbours Egyptians , Babylwnioys, Persians etc. You'd think philosophy born ex nihilo,just like the world of Anaximander.
At the same time, yet, with the φιλοσοφία is born and the δημοκρατία. Born together. A twin birth. To be born, yet, democracy presupposes the creation of City.
The genesis of the City happens in the dark years, in the middle ages of ancient era. After the fall ofMinoan-Mycenaean society slowly sprouting small towns into the mainstream of Greece, that would later evolve into cities. The city is not only the city but the entire surrounding rural area. During these years we have real emergence of a completely new society, completely different from the previous , the palatial. There is a new conception of the world and we see in many events that occur along.
1being Create cities.
2being First and second predominantly colonization.
3being Change of martial art.
4being Changing religious beliefs and end
5being Abandonment of traditional writing.
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| B’ Colonization |
The colonization, and in particular the second colonization, It is totally different from the settlements made by the other peoples of the Mediterranean i.e.. the Egyptians and Phoenicians. The colonists where installed they create autonomous, aytodikaies and self-contained cities. Do not carry the Constitution and laws of the metropolis but as equal citizens of their State thesmizoyn. This has not happened, nor the ancient time with other peoples nor in later years with the colonies of European countries. Only after the revolution, ie. violence the colonies gain their autonomy.
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| Phalanx |
The martial art changing radically. The until then battle breast to breast among heroes, that so graphically describes Homer, abandoned for the sake of phalanx. A new weapon of war enters into battle and actually changes the until then martial tactics. This weapon is not a metal or another invention but the layout of the Warriors. The convoy consists of citizens who are arranged next to each other so that one protects with the shield of the left flank of another. This means people between them equal, with the same weapons and the same training. M this could order the Greeks and Romans to defeat armies polyarithmoteroys from them.
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| The Greek Alphabet |
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| The Phoenician Alphabet |
Democracy is born simultaneously with the birth of a generalized questioning of tradition. This is achieved through the reason. It cannot be seen why (with the concept of correctness, of philosophical discourse) born of democracy nor democracy born of speech. The question of status is regulated, Moreover, is the ultimate sense of philosophical discourse. The same instituting laws but also the discussion on the validity of laws is work philosophy, operating philosophy. So put the issues and what to do but also what are the criteria of our actions. In the spirit of democracy is overcoming its own instituting. The citizen learns on soft nail bed that you should not believe in anything that does not put himself under examination. This, yet, is thesmismeno by the kind of society ,Don't be spontaneous, does not stem from the human soul. Rather the opposite happens. People rely on you to believe and to observe the usual.
THE RESEARCH OF PRINCIPLES
The rupture with the delivery occurs in all fields. In philosophical begins with searching first principles.
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| Thales |
The research of principle of the world started by Thales and continued with anaximandrus, the Anaximeni etc.. all of them are looking for a minimal operative element that can be structured around the universe. And this is the spirit of all ellinodytikis science up to date.
The Thales lived in Miletus by the 624 as the 564 eg. Made long trips that brought him among others and in Egypt, where measured the height of the pyramids by their shades. Foretold the Solar Eclipse and believed that the principle of beings was the water. He founded the school of Miletus, and is considered the father of Greek and world philosophy.
Από τους 3 Milisioys (Thales, Αναξίμανδρος, Anaximenes of Miletus), the thought of Anaximander is the most groundbreaking. Accepting as the beginning of all the infinite, the unspecified even non conceivably proceed to complete rupture with the tradition.
The Αναξίμανδρος says that this principle is neither water nor any of the other things that are called items, but that is another nature , it Infinity, from which emanates all the skies as the world each encloses. The source of existence of beings is at the same time and the catchment area in which it is disposed of in accordance with the most profound and primal conception of the world there is no δίκη(no crisis) for humans, no reward, no relationship between acts of, the virtues and destiny of. Man is subject to the same fixings subject and all other beings. And senior and last definition, senior law is the death.
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| Xenophanes |
The Anaximenes of Miletus. (585-528 eg) He succeeded anaximandrus in the school of Miletus. He believed that the principle of beings was the air, where, by moving the, elsewhere becomes water and elsewhere becomes ether and fire. He realized first that the Moonlight comes from the Sun and explained naturally eclipses of the Sun and moon.
The beginning of the world, We profess the Milisioi, It is something different from the terms of a series of cause effect relationship. Not even the Foundation of this series, but the operative principle. This is something that should be out by the terms of the series may not have the same properties as those and therefore is something non-anaparastisimo something unspecified. This research is breaking with tradition by the mythical thought, and thus inaugurated the philosophical thought.
;What is the difference of mythical from philosophical thinking ;
The mythical, the traditional thinking is seeking a headline event, and that represents repeatedly at ceremonies, because he wants to always be present to be based so the existence. The philosophical thinking looks for something totally different that does not belong to the series of events.
To give you an example: the ceremony in honor of anikitoy Sun, that was done during the winter solstice, It was meant to celebrate the reappearance of the Sun and to assure people that the world was not destroyed but continues to exist. Sun exposure attributed values as God the creator and maintainer of the world. In the Imperial years celebrated with great solemnity in 25 December.
In philosophical thought no such ceremonies Foundation.
There is something else in this rupture. What Milisioi are saying us literally no serves us in nothing. Their thinking is completely unbiased. Does not help in the community, nor do most ethical nor more peaceful. There is a beginning, Foreign nouns for us, This is all. It is perhaps the first rupture of the myth of man i.e. that the world became for us. The rupture with tradition becomes even more evident with the Xenophanes. Rejects the polytheism of Homer saying "one God". He blames the poets, Homer and Hesiod because they attach to the gods human passions and athemistes acts, Security i.e.. Go farther and condemns all anthropomorphic religions . Even says that if animals had hands and burrowed statues will give them the form. But the most important is the following excerpt "no one man does not know and cannot know anything for sure about gods, nor for anything else ". Nobody will have the knowledge and certainty of knowledge altogether even when concludes that 2 + 2 = 4 and ends :
«beam d ' on knowledge tetyktai».
A glory, an opinion, built on all the things. That is, for all the things we have an opinion that comes from society without ourselves to investigate. As you can see from the inside of 6ου century everything has already been said.
The criticism presented by traditional religion has direct political consequences. Questioning of anthropomorphic gods means challenging the legitimacy of classy families, Why exactly these families claimed their origin from the gods.
With the Milisioys philosophy leaves the epopteysimes cosmogonies, becomes much more Abstract. Trying to investigate the beginning, it element. Something that is beyond the appearing to be, that today's language we would say beyond appearances and to capture is that it is non-anaparistwmeno. First step, coward and Meteor with the water of Thali, that is certainly not the public water, but a water Prime immediately followed with the Infinityof Anaximander.
Unfortunately has not survived any texts of these authors. We are only known quotes and references of other commentators. For anaximandrus specifically this passage comes from the comment of Simplikioy (commentator of 6ου Ad century) on the work of Aristotle, Natural Akroasis.
Twenty-three words left from his writings. Less than the hours of the day. Surely the time has not stood with Justice over the work of this exceptional man and should more sayings of to pass the river of oblivion and saving. To what brings us the Simplicius:
Αναξίμανδρος … principle … eirike beings in perpetuity… of the
genesis ESTI per oysi, and fthoran unto ginesthai, however
When the debts. Didonai for them and reads each tissin
injustice in the time order.
Anaximander believes that the time is endless and that everything is subject to circular motion Genesis and decay of centuries, above all. It Infinity, είναι immortal and indestructible(IE does not wear out). Is the true being, it anolethron, it aidio, it perpetual, it eternal.
It also tells us that the beings ' didonai ' i.e. each give one another as and tissin. The trial justice and tisis translates between other meanings are and revenge, the punishment.
Why, though the creatures attach between the justice and punishment; The word injustice many times in ancient texts associated with the ybrin, has a close relationship. Injustice refers to the ybrin and the hubris in injustice. But what is the injustice or the hubris of beings; and why we have that "When the debts»; And what it means to pay "when time order»; Is nothing else than the Genesis, and with what you have to pay is the decay and death. The same existence is in a sense injustice and hubris, ie. infringement. And beware. Not because the beings want to stay afloat beyond the time specified but this their very existence is hubris.
Therefore, it must be destroyed, to return in what they begat i.e. at infinity. The ybrin we can consider as innate trend of man. It is a common, natural characteristic not only of people but of all beings.
POLYKRATIS
To better understand how the ancients understood the world in classical era will narrate the story of Polycrates.
Polycrates was tyrant of Samos, and rises to power 540 eg and dies 522. Ripping tyrant, Patron of literature and the arts. Herodotus, who brings us this story, considers him the most majestic of all tyrants of the era. Don't forget that the tyrant for the historical era that talking is not the dictator, the catalyst of the Republic but exactly the opposite, the leader of the municipality who denounces the regime of aristocrats Ms. paved the way for democracy.
All goes well. Samos emerges as a great naval power, the courtyard is from the brightest of Greece, and even this Pharaoh of Egypt, the Amasis, the declares ally and friend.
Not because the envying nor why scared him but from friendly love, confides that perhaps the great success it looks like "Pro moiran"and maybe cause the envy of the gods. Therefore, urges him to lose something precious, that being, It makes him very sad. Polycrates alarmed decides to throw overboard the beloved of the ring by holding a whole ceremony. Μετά, yet, some time ago, a fisherman brings in the Palace, as a gift to Polycrates, a huge fish worthy of the ruler of the. And then find the emerald ring.
Learning the fact the Amasis, cut off any relationship with him telling him that: After the gods did not accept your bid, the doom of yours is something that is imminent and soon and will not unwittingly to spare from the fall of a friend when this will happen. And being the calamity didn't take long to happen, the "When the debts"of Anaximander. The Persian satrap of Sardis, Oroitis, with classic underhand oriental way the capture, the whips alive and ever.
And the question is : ;Why penalized Polycrates; ;What is the hubris in what did; Why not us surrenders something objectionable during the tyranny of, except that was lucky and successful.
The hubris of was simply that the existence of fully completed, It was quite successful without changes from the good the bad. This is in contrast with the debts, with the outstanding, and you have to pay for this injustice-ybrin. Don't forget that Hubris the violation, the excess of class.
Nobody knows in advance when and who will become abuser, but we all know besides the lunatics and idiots, that if you pay "When debts». But if you go deeper, you will see that the Greek believed that the Supreme Law of Genesis and decay is blind, do not obey any reasonable and no assignment. And through the genesis and decay can emerge the world, the class. A world, yet, a transient class and revolving. – The world is recycled as time. I remember, Maybe old students when I talked about the time when the M. Kingdom. We said then that is inserted, reclaimed from the Neoplatwnistes, the straight shape of time. Once was the world and time and sometime will be destroyed.
IRAKLEITOS
The Heraclitus He lives between 6ου and 5ου century. and is a contemporary of Pindar, of Cleisthenes and all those who created the Athenian democracy. Following the Xenophanes and preceding the Parmenides. Saved approximately 140 quotes and is the first philosopher of Western philosophy that we can interpret the texts without making interpretative assumptions. Comes at the end of the archaic period and the beginning of classical. The quotes we have, the philologists the estimate that is about the 1/10 of his work. It's like we have 20 pages in a book 200 pages is not contiguous and additionally come to us through the eyes of other thinkers who mostly use them to prove the correctness of their own reasons.
In πρώτη phase Heraclitus does criticism tradition. His criticism includes both the folk tradition and the words. Says features : instead honored the corpses must be tossed out (Re. 96). Opposed to the sanctity of the corpse and the tasks of burial in accordance with customs. Considers that it is no longer human but something smelly. Make fun of people who stand in front of the statues of the gods and pray ignoring what is really gods. Stating that they neither hear nor see. And even, in a passage that carries us Marcus Aurelius, urges that there should be thinking and doing one like a child of his parents.
A second great time of philosophy was the assumption that it is, the existence of, the world contains elementscontradictory. The very structure of existence is inconsistency. And indeed would not exist if no contrary evidence included. What,what there is is in conflict. Wrestling, the discord, the war είναι operative beginning. Τέλος, what,what there is is in conflict with other things and with himself. In Re. 53 We learn that father of all is war and war is the one who revealed them as gods and others as people. The same distinction exists between slaves and free In contrast, after Aristotle's own words.
And third with the sayings of, Everything flows and the Sun is new every day(Re 91) He wants us to draw attention to the refusal of permanent performance of a identity.
And ends with a sentence that is condensing the whole of philosophy.
"this world , same for all, that was not created neither by God nor by man, but always existed and will exist as an eternally living fire which lit up in accordance with the measure and extinguishes in accordance with measure».
TO THE DEATH
And after we saw the basic philosophical positions of the first philosophers, they coincide with the birth of the Republic, Let's take a look at perceptions of the Greeks for the Death. The amazing thing is that their perceptions were kept up to date.
What tells us Homer in the Iliad;
Nothing is worth the life, nothing is worthy of the soul.
In translation (Kazantzaki-Kakridis ) (Ile. Ι 400)
What as my life is worth, olakera riches do not deserve
All dead, is hell, like a shadow without spirit, Neither sensations. Only the Tiresias, for the sake of Persephone, He keeps his sanity to hell, mental abilities. All other souls are shadows that fly (FR. l-11 references in translation Eftalioti), don't know nothing, don't remember anything, and to be able to articulate the "true reason" must drink blood
475 How to katebis to hell kotises nesting
koyfioi dead ghosts of mortals apostamenwn ;»
and (FR. (l) 35-43)
I got t’ lambs and ‘ sfaxa in the pit· and the blood
running ballpoint. Started the pethamenwn totes
and mazeyontan souls re’ the Erebus black,
brides Adama and unripe, tyrannismenoi old,
Virgin daughters fond, neothlimmenes all,
40 and many men of bronze lances wounded,
dead had t’ tanks with their blood dyed
Ki edwthe ekeithe arithmitoi around in the pit erchontan,
with parties too, and m’ big pale me fear.
And below
of the dead
My manoylas, to, the soul here see seated
near in the blood then lapses into speechless, and we flipped, her son
to create the look of stop, and prosmilisi.
How would arages m’ He felt that I am the child of;»
145 I said, the Mantis turned and immediately apologithi·
"Easy thing will tell you, and hold it in your mind·
anyone from’ the dead animal welfare near in blood afisis,
This will bore truths· but opoione you are throwing,
He pulled away and reboot back. "
But Achilles, who he is in hell, in the same distressing condition although addressed by Ulysses, King of the dead.
Odysseus ' first lessons straight to the Achaeans, yé of Peleus, Achilles,
Tiresias came to find, the opinion of n’ hear,
But like you blessed, o Achilles, We came out
in the past other none, nor will come later·
485 Why SA God and live the people of ARGOS in venerated,
and now great and great in the dead are·
And he apologized to me· "Ulysses Perilampre,
death not ask me with words to glucans.
Better on Earth to briskomoyn, even though I worked in man
490 small, with without possessions are very, Although hell be,
and King to legoymai of pethamenwn all.
To the terms of the ancients for the death. Continuity, yet, This is even more miserable and by the most poor earthly life.
This view, survived for thousands of years until today, However that from Plato and fro, 4the century BC, and especially after the Habsburgs Alexandrou stormed the Greek world Oriental concepts of crisis andfuture life. The Sham was not acceptable to our people. Over two thousand years of Oriental kosmoantilipsewn enforcement on death was not able to alter the ancient conception. In allElementary songs and the most recent as well as older death is described with the most gloomy. You won't encounter anywhere views on crisis of good and evil, for punishment and bliss. For all, death is awesome. Here's what he writes about death in folk song Eratosthenes Kapsomenos, Professor of Literature and a member of the domain of modern Greek Philology in the Faculty of philosophy of the University of Ioannina:
"Anything Below world generally described with negative expressions, not what is but what is not "-
and lists some lyrics from folk songs
The lower world ein΄ bad why not dawns
Why doth not the Rooster, kaladei not t’ Nightingale
There do not have water and clothes we foroysi,
only smoke and maeireyoysi dark deipnoysi
(IP. 225.25D- Gneytos 118)
Eytoy violins don't play, Games not baroyne
eytoy syndyo does not sit, syntreis no chatting,
are the xarmatwtoi and nioi nies xestolismenes
and mothers children sat apples rabdismena.
(IP. 219.7- D. I. E. E. 2.142)
"Negative these definitions indicate quite clearly that the municipal songs bi doesn't There is theory death andexpectant life, not There is a metaphysical where to Justice it will NATO and to paramythei essentially τουςανθρώπους. As έχει para honored, or picture of Down World echoes the ancient Pagan musclethologia για theSpublic. where not Beaurese to eliminated από τη folk consciousness bags από so centuryNess Christian life.»
Here we meet again the Greek arrest, the Greek creation ex nihilo because none of the brilliant cultures of our neighborhood has no similar notions. Obviously, and do not come from the Egyptians who have entire metempsychwsewn cycle, from the Babylwnioys.
It is true that the Greeks discovered the fact that there is a ultimate death, definitive, Finally thanatoio in Homer. We cannot transform him nor the beautify. And don't you think that something was obvious. Far from it.
The heroes are either dear from the gods or not don't die neither happy nor full days. Example the Hercules. And while we see in other mythologies Dear God to have happy young and the blessing of God extends to offspring, for the Greeks, there is no such guarantee.
Although man is the only animal who knows that he will die, the ancients did a step above. Not only know the thnitotita τους, and maybe are the only ones who call the man broto, i.e. mortal, but there is also the choice of the mode of death but also of death. Suicide is not illegal in any case. We have, λοιπόν, the Achilles, a fantastic template, who chooses to die, and a real, the Socrates. Achilles has already told us that nothing is worth the life and nevertheless chooses death while could return to his homeland. And here lies the tragic conception of the Greeks. The concept of maximum , extreme contradiction.
Nothing is worth the life. But a life without glory and fame –kleos and kydos Homer tells us- not worth living. Achilles would tell us atimiton or akleon life. The man is in split: on the one hand wants to avoid death, a and nothing is worth the life and on the other he wants to avoid a life not worth living. The duality that we meet continuously in epics. The hero in most cases as it leaves for the battle wonders whether it is preferable to put the legs. Ajax, Ulysses, patroclos even Hector. The heroes they stand there constantly kathidroi from the fear the front of the advancing enemy and are wondering : stay or go; And usually the hero stays, fights and sometimes dies. In him is life or death decision.
Ile. Ι 405 But our soul loot not done,
nor estate, After perasi once the barrage of teeth.
And as leg ' Thetis the goddess mother, two degrees
me carry several at the end of death.
If I stay here to polemw the city of Priam
my return echathiken, but imperishable will stay
my glory. In my own country if pothitin turn,
I echathi the glory, but then many will live days,
and wouldn't I ebri quickly the end of death.
And I'll come in today and I read something related to death and the ancient by Andrea Empeiriko:
The route of philhellenes
to become universal the glory of the Greeks
that first, I ones in the world down here
did the inspiration of life the knowledge of death.
And I think better and by sociologists Associates death with the spirit of ancient society. The attitude of the Greeks IE. that life is here, no hope elsewhere, and that we are that we are worthy to live creates the bases of Democratic πολιτεύματος. But attention! Although man is a source and rule everything will happen, at the same time has no control over the effects of his actions.
RELIGION
When the Republic collapses 4the century , make the reappearance , through Plato, a positive the immortality of the soul, a reward posthumously. Until then the human behavior was unrelated to the punishment or reward on behalf of gods. The gods created the world not and therefore does not feel responsible for this.
To what tells us the Dodds: the Homeric Princes draskelizan proud the world. If they feared the gods, the feared in much the same way that they feared people overlords.
None of the Homeric hero, no Greek does not consider himself unworthy compared with the gods. Only is weakest. Visual liberation has results for the action and consciousness of the people.
In the epics is no distinction between heroes and other people, the mob, the mass. But this superiority is not based on some divine guarantee, based solely on the ability persuasion and in NETforce. But in a world in which there is no truth that flows from God, either through Apocalypse or in some other way, but it is only human effort, led to the questioning oflegalisation of social power. Says Diomedes to Agamemnon: "ναι, You can be a King, to hold the scepter, but not really worthy of nothing». Does not recognize any sacredness to the institution of kingship.
The Basel subject to review until we implode and the rise of the majority of the municipality. But to govern, is absolutely necessary to use the rectum reason to convinces and be convinced. We are led, λοιπόν, to the conclusion that the Greek religion the era of Homer may not be the cause of the collapse of the Kingdom but contributed substantially to the emergence of free inquiry and the Republic.
Summing up for the Greek religion. It is not on Revelation religion, don't give a privileged position inanthrwpogonia, contains no promise immortality, the gods have not National nature but isUniversal.
THE CHARACTER OF THE HELLENIC SOCIETY
What can, yet, hoping the human being in a world that was not for him;
From the Homer as the Alexander, the glory and the reputation are key values. These values give undoubtedly one competitive character in Greek civilization put forth with the "aien aristeyein"and the"emmenai other yperochon» IE. to always yperecheis other. The Greek society goes between the dipole of the competition and of the solidarity των πολιτών. And because there is no transcendental source of truth, After the gods do not reveal the truth, being questioned and their very existence. So is conferred, people with the task of investigating the. Opens a field competition that is mainly at the level of speech emulation. ;Who will speak best, who will convince us; The most powerful argument is 'kreitwn reason». Kreitwn, comparative degree of good with the importance of Valour, of power. Kreitwn reason is why we imposed. And it is not enough only to the thought and make publicly expressed with courage. Courage is freedom of expression, to say that you think, don't hide your opinion.
In Greek thought appear 3 contrasts :
is – they seem, opinion-truth, nature-law.
Are not real contradictions, Black White, good bad, where one excludes the other, but polarities. These concepts are also opposite but inseparable. It είναι cannot exist unless It seemslike the do people give cannot be expressed rather than opinion, like glory.The is, the creature in ancient, obey law that is outside this, It is not characteristic of but is a necessity in which obeys. So we have a dipole from a being and on the other the law governing the being. This is the interpretation of "debts" of Anaximander.
In these first years of development of philosophy developed the separation between being and appearing to beie. What we see and what actually exists. That's why the Ionians philosophers sought a beginning, a key element which it sprang all other. The distinction between being and appearing to be, added and another, truth/glory. And a belief that the glory is purely human construction: beam on knowledge tetyktai (an opinion, a faith that is how things are constructed for all things).
Heraclitus comes to tell us something very big. After we talked for section of είναι andappearing to be, Meanwhile, Pan, but for the unity of opposites, us draws attention to the fact that the misery of man due to the separation of things, the fragmentation is that it does without himself to perceive. Firstly because of the oiisis of, of his faith in his own thought, you remove him from thecommon reason, from the rationalism that runs and supports the whole society, and then because of language because to talk the man must make distinctions between things which of course is not distinct.
The man from small learns to distinguish things and to the named. Yet, Heraclitus believes that the fronein, a property that all men without exception, may exceed the care and to reach do people give where every thing is all and all is in.
When we talk about the birth of philosophy must have into account that it is a double birth. Of philosophy in words (because) and philosophy in practice (ERGO), who today will say political philosophy. The aim of philosophy in practice is to challenge the established order of society. ;Who puts the law of city; ;with what criteria; ;What is the source of the law;
And while the contrasts are/seem , truth/opinion is present in other cultures, only in Greece, the contrast φύσις/law will gain sharpness and depth. And this contrast is not only a philosophical side but also appears in practice, has in a nutshell policies Extensions. For the first time this contrast is formulated by the Archelao, Perhaps the first Athenian philosopher who lived in the 5th century, with the phrase "the righteous and the aischron do not exist naturally but law». In this Moreover includes the saying
"people were distinguished from other beings from the fact that thesmisan and recommended leaders, laws and cities»
In the mid-5th century the question of language If you are naturally or put IE. If you came from instituting, by contract. It is interesting to see the opinions of philosophers of the era. The Πυθαγόρας , like some others, argue that the names have a natural match to the so-called beings and of course they meant the Greek language. (Proclus- commentary on Plato's Cratylus). Course, at the same time, Pythagoras knew that the words create people. So again we fall into contradiction. The view that there is a correlation between the Greek language and objects, Unfortunately and foolishly adopted, even today we hear from some mouths defining, μάλιστα, ως sign language, While it is assumed that the other is not.
How, yet, transcend this contradiction Pythagoras; With the support that the wise man, who knows the true nature of things, can give and true name. Opportunity given to mention that Plato in Cratylus examines the conventional nature of language without however leads to conclusion.
The answer comes from the Democritus (Proclus) με 4 strong arguments, so powerful that some linguists contend that deals with the topic much better and from this Saussure the fundamental task of "General Linguistics" (Cours de linguistique generale).
What are they;
The Homonymy i.e. different things have the same name
The Synonymy i.e. a thing has different names (already becomes evident with the 2 arguments that there is no amfimonosimantos correspondence between names and things)
Transfer domain names i.e. change the name without changing the thing and
it "one of the omoiwn's elleipsews" i.e. in some nouns correspond some verbs and some other missing e.g. in I believe correspond to fronisis, But justice has no corresponding verb. ;What logic or what physical orderliness exist in one and not in another; Unless we accept that due to human decision.
And concludes the Demokritos with a saying that for me is the condensate of all philosophical thought from the Anaximandro up and the Epicurus i.e. the philosophical foundations of Greek thought. "In fact there are only people and empty and don't know anything, because the truth is always at sea shall be thrown down, in bottomless depth.»
The society cannot be conceivable only as creation of herself. So we have from a,create once and for all, as institutions, spearhead, social meanings, and on the other continuous creation, as history, social schemes and individual historical events.
What more meaningful for all that we are saying from the standing of Antigone
Many evils but the man no deinotero
Each other taught dialect, the thought, like the spirit of the winds
The desire to live in the United States, How to escape the hail amid ' Greek
The wild darti rain in the Plains
The resourceful ... embarrassed we will see the coming events
The grim reaper to escape not only can
With all that he found while searching and healings in agiatreytes diseases.
Arts mastorikes sofistike who puts mind
Yet a good, an evil rolls
Whoever holds the human law
And God the right, that oath the Moor frichtos, citizen
Bum and fugitive, Whoever the hatch ' unfair, I wish I and m ' apokotia
Ever in Bank shared with him that such dares.
many home koyden ἀnthrwpoy deinoteron pelei deina.
and fthegma and ἀnemoen and ἀstynomoys morale 355
edidaxato dysaylwn and orgas
ypaithreia dysombra feygein and ice arrows
pantoporos· oyden erchetai ep᾽ ἄporos
the future· Ἅida only feuxin epaxetai Proteron· 360
fygas xympefrastai ἀmichanwn d᾽ diseases.
What sofon τὸ michanoen elpid᾽ account echwn technas 365
evil men tote, ἄllot᾽ ep᾽ esthlon erpei,
chthonos gerairwn laws t᾽ enorkon thewn dikan,
ypsipolis· otw ἄpolis τὸ kalon» 370
tolmas xynesti sake. emoi parestios mit᾽
obscure. K. Georgousopoulos
From where comes this flair του ανθρώπου;
In particular the human psyche ie. στη radical imagination of, to disconnect of psychological hedonismwith what pleasure we get from our physical bodies and the end of the conscious us away from the functionality of pleasure from the same pleasure, i.e. do actions that delight us without any directorganic value.
Of course the instituting society appears as a necessity for the survival kind. But the question is, because these institutions and not others. Why this religion rather than other. Attempts to explain the social from the psychic but also vice versa failed.
It is not enough to give institutions and laws in a society. Urgent need is to give society a sense soul, to give project. So only people socialize and feel they belong somewhere. To the extent that the sense that occurs and it must be as unequivocal and unconditional the thesmizetai society as eteronomi. Sets a exwkoinwniko, a distant guarantor of meaning and considers him as source institutions. This was the case until now to a large number of societies, societies eteronomes,θρησκευτικές societies.
The emergence of societies that aytothesmizontai i.e. questioning and examining their structure, their institutions and their laws philosophy is something extremely rare. Stains on the canvas of human history. Such a stain happened in ancient Greece between the 7th and 4th centuries and much later in the independent cities of Europe after the middle ages.
In ancient Greece especially, We are interested in addition, creates the φιλοσοφία and the δημοκρατία. Axechwristes. In both questioning the dominance of the klironomimenoy institution (gods, Kings, performances of race, institutions, laws, writing etc)
Opens a debate between a a new type of human being posed as a measure to judge everything in thinking of. The instituting of the law is the product of consultation and decision of municipality. And all know that their decisions are opinions (glory) and not the absolute truth. Therefore, in their resolutions usually first indicated the "intervening dimw edoxe» . Inaugurated a movement to seek the truth that has neither end nor ALA barrier and explicitly recognized that it is not possible for the correctness of the laws referred toexternal authority. I never attended Athenians in divination to ask if the one that law is correct or not. This was purely a matter of society and not of God.
The reasons invoked but also invoke to explain this miracle but the weirdness of the story does not explain anything. The theories of the level of productive forces the 5th and 4th century make no sense. These explanations are at odds with many other historical events. The Greece does not have a monopoly of slavery but clearly has a monopoly of democracy and philosophy.
The phalanx the riflemen, Another theory that tried to explain the genesis of the Republic, is present and oligarchic and democratic societies. It leptogeio the Athenian land Thucydides applies for many other parts of the then known world. The Rome has almost no difference in objective criteria of Athens. The Rome, yet, never became Athens.
Before I even created the democratic city, discern the sperm the creation of the primary conception of the world and of life in religion and in myths. We have early performances of what would later become. In the myths of the Theogony είναι emerging from the nothing. Each power, even the divine is considered arbitrary, grounded in violence, and temporary. Monstrous and non-human perceived anything ignores the laws but also the democratic decision-making. Here again important role played and the categorical denial of delusion of Salvation of the soul after death (11 references). The Homeric epics the taught young, and Homer was the primary source of controversy. Here is the response because thePlato hated both poets and exobelize from the supposed dream state of. But the versa explained. I.e. why retained his works and copied so many times, Unlike other sages that only fragments we have and those through other reports. Societies which succeeded the Greek democratic States, oligarchic, religious authoritarian, not tolerated this line of Greek thought.
And as a conclusion what we consider ancient democracy is, κυρίως, the Government found in Athens. The body of free citizens legislating, rules and judges. Requires genuine participation of citizens, rejected the idea of representation but and policy expertise. Absent the illusionof Constitution. Even this idea of State, as we understand, missing. More appropriate is talking about State and not by geographical definition but political i.e.. Athenian Constitution ( as a result the State).
The non-existence of, yet, exwkoinwnikwn of restrictions raises the problem of the correctness of the laws. So comes the issue of restraint. The philosophy responds with the conception of the idea of the infamous hubris. Politically connected with the institution of writing illegal but also of ostracism.
Here we meet and the functioning of tragedy, a phenomenon unique in human history , that was intended to educate citizens on democratically ideals but mainly to operate as an institutionrestraint. The hubris and the punishment is the pattern that repeats itself continuously. In this, λοιπόν, the environment emerges for the first time, the science of history. It is a unique phenomenon that reconvene only in modern times. Humanity, through history, observes herself and trying to understand.
Summing up.
The 8th to 6th century a new culture appears in the Aegean. It is a creation ex nihilo, a and his ideas are radically different from the ideas of neighbouring cultures.
- · Pops up the philosophical reason which criticises the tradition and introduces a new way of interpreting the world.
- · The truth is not given and entrusted to humans to seek through equal but opposing arguments..
- · The first break of the myth of man.
- · The Greek religion, as they are neither dogmatic nor despotic, does not legitimise the sanctity of sovereigns.
- · The introduction of a new way of writing contributes to the popularization of knowledge.
- · The colonization contributes to create autonomous, aytodikaies and independent cities .
- · The martial art is changing with the prevalence in the battlefield of phalanx of equal warriors.
- · A new conception for life and death occurs away from the Sham of a positive expectant life.
- · The science of history.
- · And the main, the society for the first time aytothesmizetai. The community of citizens alone is responsible for the creation of institutions and their change. Anything can happen, the only limit is the hubris.
These characteristics, like all, It is something unique , a stain on the canvas of history of humanity. Is the Hellenic Republic.
Thales 624-564 BC.
Αναξίμανδρος 610-545 BC
Anaximenes of Miletus 585-528 BC.
Πυθαγόρας 580-500 BC.
Xenophanes 570 – 480 BC.
Heraclitus 544-484 BC.
Plato 427- 347 BC.
Aristotle 384 – 322 BC.
TELOS
[1] . In a poem, the Epimenidis, He wrote:
Krites international pseustai (the Cretans are always liars)
The Apostle Paul, yet, having heard this phrase interprets k literally. Here's what we read in Titus Letter (1:12) Titus was then Bishop of Crete ):
12 eIpe ἐξ at these are the Prophet· Krites international pseustai, kaka beasts, gasteres ἀrgai
13 the witness is true. bi’ CK cause controlled them apotomws, fiber ygiainwsin in the faith,
As you see the dictum Epimenidi understood incorrectly by the Apostle of the Nations which takes literally the.
The dictum Epimenidi einax not a vicious cycle. E. says: “All Cretans are liars '. But it is k he kritikos. Therefore tells us,that Ms he is a liar. "but if he's a liar,then there are ALL Cretans liars. There are k honest. He nevertheless belongs to liars. So to speak IE,blame Ms others,to ease its position. Common psychological reaction.
Filling: One honest man says: “I'm a liar”,because automatically cancels itself. A liar but may says “I'm a liar”,even if this is true,without contradicting itself. a liar is a liar,If somewhere somewhere says k true errors or omissions.